The United States And America - 1458 Words

Who we are The United States has various relationships with the world, some more complicated than others. One thing this nation has that is better than most countries is the fact that we are a very culturally diverse society, which can be beneficial. In relation to others, the U.S. is different from other nations by our diverse cultures, religions and just like many others, we have issues we come face to every day. Americans deal with diversity as they work closely with other cultures by putting their differences aside to achieve something. We have a society that is based more along a judeo christian mentality and structure versus more of other predominent religious beliefs. When it comes down to it, people don’t really care what your†¦show more content†¦a union of people of different cultures. We have problems, but regardless of everything else, we are still one nation, a combined group of people with different beliefs. In the article, Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism, Martha C. Nussbaum states, â€Å"emphasis on patriotic pride is both morally dangerous and, ultimately, subversive of some of the worthy goals patriotism sets out to serve.† Nussbaum agrees with Rabindranath Tagores novel, The Home and the World,† being patriotic can be dangerous and even may go against the goals of patriotism of national unity and moral ideals. A lot of countries like the United States are very patriotic and it may interfere with the relationship they have with the rest of the world. Americans that are having a hard time with the diverse cultures that surrounds them should lean more towards a cosmopolitan ideal whose devotion is on as associ ation of human beings in the whole world. Some may argue that being patriotic and having certain beliefs is what creates the problems between nations and between different cultures. We still have these puritan beliefs, especially the conservative side, now we are trying to change that in order to tend to everyone s feelings and needs. That’s the reason a lot of people who are extremely conservative feel like their religious rights is being put aside. For those who are over patriotic it can be dangerous when it comes to the point of starting to take

Essay about On Delacroix and Courbet - 1923 Words

On Delacroix and Courbet The period surrounding 1781 to 1855 in France’s history is united by social and political change, an evolution of ideological struggles towards the best possible political struggle amongst anchoring human faults. The life of the artist too underwent change and struggled with the hierarchy that existed to validate artistic triumph. Changes are apparent amongst a broad spectrum, including David, Ingres, history paintings and caricatures. Artists that demonstratively epitomize the shifts, overwhelmingly united by a shift from acceptance to defiance, are Eugene Delacroix (1789 – 1863) and Gustave Courbet (1819 – 1877). Artistic and cultural differences that developed are transparent through understanding†¦show more content†¦The Salon and its competitions dictated the motives of the artist. Delacroix’s first winning painting was Dante and Virgil in Hell (1822). This painting was indeed a success: the French believed themselve s to be a modern embodiment of the Classics, and Dante and Virgil reinforced this well enough. The painting is deemed a revolution in itself. The colors blend together so much that the painting is better understood from farther away than up close. Fans triumphed its subject matter: ...romanticism will not consist in a perfect execution, but in a conception analogous to the ethical disposition of the age. This painting, after the Divine Comedy, also embeds Delacroix in the literary movement. This movement was vital to the overall organization of history painting, as a sharp literary vocabulary of the painter was admired if not necessary. â€Å"Delacroix has a fondness for Dante and Shakespeare, two other great painters of human anguish. Delacroix concerned himself with grand, tortured ideas. This literary fascination – of Shakespeare, Bryon, Sir Walter Scott, etc. – can be seen as a departure from the classics into modernity even though it served as good grounding for him. The way of Delacroix is a distinct, unique flair. Although Delacroix was the youngest artist with works in the Louvre, his antagonistic paintings would begin to receive more demanding criticism. Gros described one of his works as â€Å"the massacre of the painting.† He depicted many scenes onShow MoreRelatedCourbet’s â€Å"the Stone Breakers†1066 Words   |  5 PagesCourbet (1819-1877) is a realistic painter, in that a majority of his work is about everyday scenes, often depicting peasants and working people in rural areas. Howerver, Courbet is also an artist who challenged the traditional painting in the middle of the 19th century. Courbet introduced a new kind of realism, which focused on a rugged depiction of nature and people rather than an idealized and artificial one. Most paintings of the time showed wealthy people, whereas Courbet who was politicallyRead MoreRomanticism And Romanticism1304 Words   |  6 PagesNeoclassical paintings like Oath of the Horatii and Death of Marat. David’s work reve als the Romantic impulse in French art early on. French Romanticism was more thoroughly developed later in the work of painters and sculptors Theodore Gericault, Eugene Delacroix and Francois Rude.18 Romanticism being the artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that it was, was primarily characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of the past and subjects of natureRead MoreArt History 211750 Words   |  7 Pagesoriginating in Renaissance should remain the dominate practice in art. Revolting artists found photography to be a mechanism capable of displacing the true art and beauty in paintings. Some famous artists accepted photography such as â€Å"Delacroix, Edgar Degas and Gustave Courbet.† (p. 678. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, the Western Perspective. 12th Ed.) 2. Compare Constable’s The Haywain with Bierstadt’s Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. What are the sociopolitical overtones of each workRead MoreEssay on Impressionist effects on Modern Art809 Words   |  4 Pageswould arise in French Painting. Initially, the romantic revolution artist such as Delacroix, afterward the realistic movement with the likes of Millet where naturalist painters of The Barbizon School like Troyon and Corot played a great role. Under the impact of British landscape painters such as Bonington, landscape painting would come to be a wholly recognized category in French Painting. Courbet, Corot and Delacroix, then represent the new wave of French Painting, and will establish the modelsRead MoreWhat Was the Effect of Photography on Painting in the Nineteenth Century1512 Words   |  7 Pagesportraits and often added dreamy softness to images so that it was not taken as an objective factual record. Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) and Gustave Courbet (1819-77) were two painters who didn’t see photography as a threat to painting. They and others later, quickly embraced it as a means of referencing such details as facial expression, ephemeral light effects, and motion. Delacroix even wrote in his journal that ‘if a man of genius should use the daguerreotype as it ought to be used; he will raiseRead More1 WatteausReturn from Cytheradepicts a For1331 Words   |  13 Pages8) Goya painted for the royal cou rt of which country? For 1 Point Your Answer: A) Spain Correct: 1 point 9) The creature featured in Fuseli s  The Nightmare  is a(n) ________. For 1 Point Enlarge Image Your Answer: C) incubus Correct: 1 point 10) Delacroix s  The Death of Sardanapalus  is based on a Romantic poem by Lord Byron. For 1 Point Enlarge Image Your Answer: True Correct: 1 point 11) Which of the following Romantic painters is considered to be a Poussiniste? For 1 Point Your Answer: B) IngresRead More Impressionism Essays1105 Words   |  5 PagesLiebermann, Corinth, and in Belgium. Impressionists were largely responsible for a major shift in the development of western art, influencing other artists who admired their work. Eugene Boudin began teaching artists such as Monet, Manet, Courbet, Bazille, Sisley, and Renoir how to observe the changing lights. Distinctive atmospheres in France that were afforded by the constantly changing nature of the landscape made way for a more Impressionistic approach to the canvas. Possibly theRead More History of Pablo Picasso and his Art Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesRoque, whom he met in 1953 and married in 1961. He then spent much of his time in southern France. Late Works: Recapitulation Many of Picassos later pictures were based on works by great masters of the past?Diego Velazquez, Gustave Courbet, Eugene Delacroix, and Edouard Manet. In addition to painting, Picasso worked in various media, making hundreds of lithographs in the renowned Paris graphics workshop, Atelier Mourlot. Ceramics also engaged his interest, and in 1947, in Vallauris, he producedRead MorePaul Gauguin : A Father1367 Words   |  6 Pagesafter the death of his father. In the early 1890’s he abandoned his life as a Stockbroker and begun pursuing his dream of painting as an alternate career path. He had a fiery passion for art and he was introduced to Eugene Delacroix a romantic painter and realist painter Courbet, Jean-Baptiste and the pre-Impressionist school of French landscape painting Barbizon. Gauguin collected Art and an array of impressionist paintings. He developed a symbolic style of painting in which flat, luminescent colorsRead MoreEssay Design and Architecture of Art Gallerie s1585 Words   |  7 Pagessculptures dating up to 1870, after which the right upper gallery concentrates on later works, presenting the evolution of history painting with pieces from Ingres, Delacroix and Chass#233;riau and provide the transition to academic painting. The left wing of the galleries is dedicated to the realist movement, with works from artists such as Courbet and Manet being displayed. As one walks on up to the third and final floor one is presented with Manets D#233;jeuner sur lherbe, masterpiece of the 1863 Salon

Theories of Child Development and Learning - 940 Words

[pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]Theories of Child Development and Learning [pic] Several theories of child development and learning have influenced discussions of school readiness. Three have had profound impact on kindergarten readiness practices. These three theories include the maturationist, environmentalist, and constructivist perspectives of development (Powell, 1991). Maturationist Theory The maturationist theory was advanced by the work of Arnold Gessell. Maturationists believe that development is a biological process that occurs automatically in predictable, sequential stages over time (Hunt, 1969). This perspective leads many educators and families to assume that young children will acquire knowledge naturally and†¦show more content†¦Constructivist Theory The constructivist perspective of readiness and development was advanced by theorists such as Jean Piaget, Maria Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky. Although their work varies greatly, each articulates a similar context of learning and development. They are consistent in their belief that learning and development occur when young children interact with the environment and people around them (Hunt, 1969). Constructivists view young children as active participants in the learning process. In addition, constructivists believe young children initiate most of the activities required for learning and development. Because active interaction with the environment and people are necessary for learning and development, constructivists believe that children are ready for school when they can initiate many of the interactions they have with the environment and people around them. Constructivist-influenced schools and educators pay a lot of attention to the physical environment and the curriculum of the early childhood classroom. Kindergarten classrooms often are divided into different learning centers and are equipped with developmentally appropriate materials for young children to play with and manipulate. Teachers and adults have direct conversations with children, children move actively from center to another,Show MoreRelatedJean Piaget‚Äà ´s theory of child development along with effective learning methods and teaching strategies used in secondary school classrooms with particular attention paid to science5758 Words   |  24 PagesLiterature Review Jean Piaget’s theory of child development along with effective learning methods and teaching strategies used in secondary school classrooms with particular attention paid to science A child’s developing mind1,2,3 Without a doubt, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was one of the most influential child psychologists. In his day he was at the forefront of research into child psychology and even today, his word is cited by many in the profession. The constructivist theory (see later) in particularRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will betterRead MoreTheories Of Development And Development Influence Human Intelligence1676 Words   |  7 Pagesexperimented to interpret learning and development. Some major theorists that are incorporated with theories of development include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Erik Erikson. Along with the theories of development, there are theories of learning. The four main theories include cognitive, constructivism, social cognitive, and situative. First and foremost, Jean Piaget can be considered a pioneer in psychology. His theory is considered one of the most influential and comprehensive theories of cognitive developmentRead MoreCognitive Development Theory Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesA. Cognitive Development Theory In a general sense the theory of cognitive development is not just a single theory but a number of theories offered by a number of cognitive psychologists over the past century. In summary though, cognitive development is the processes by which learning is developed by the construction of thought processes, memory, solving problems, decision-making and covers the life span from childhood to adulthood, but learning does not necessarily stop with adulthood. ThisRead MoreHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 PagesHow do the major theories of child development (known as the ‘grand theories’) explore the importance of social experiences? Social experiences play a vital role in the development of children. Theories of child development have been created to help us to understand how children’s minds develop, taking into account the differences between cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas through interactionRead MorePsychosocial And Cognitive Learning Theories1354 Words   |  6 PagesPsychosocial and Cognitive learning are just a few of the theories that describe the makeup of human development and behavior. Psychosocial theories explore the relationship between the social environment and an individual’s psychological condition (Crawford and Hawford, 2011). Whilst Cognitive Learning Theory explains certain behavioral responses of people based on their understanding and mental representation of what is happening at the present time. This theory also explores a person’s everydayRead MoreA Com parative Analysis Of Theories Of Vygotsky And Piaget1446 Words   |  6 PagesChild development refers to change or growth that occurs in children. It starts with infancy and continues through adolescence and it involves the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur. Cognitive development refers to how a person perceives, thinks, and gains understanding of his or her world through the interaction of genetic and learned factors(Children’s Health n.d.). This paper is a comparative analysis of the theories of Vygotsky and Piaget with emphasis on how the roleRead MoreVygotsky And Vygotsky Theories Of Learning1257 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of learning In this essay, I will compare and contrast jean Piaget and lev Vygotsky theories of learning. First, I will discuss Piaget followed by Vygotsky then I will compare and contrast both theorists. Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher, he is known for his contribution to a theory of cognitive development. Piaget became interested in the reasons why children gave the wrong answers to questions that required logical thinking. He believed that these incorrectRead MoreLev Vygotsky And The Zone Of Proximal Development1522 Words   |  7 PagesProximal Development Under normal circumstances, a child will physically develop without outside assistance. While there can be variations by way of culture, class, and ability, it is difficult to contest that human nature is the driving force behind the bodily changes that take place from birth until adulthood. In contrast, when it comes to determining the ways in which a child thinks and learns, there are numerous theories on what primarily influences cognitive growth and development. One theoristRead MorePiaget Vs Vygotsky : Piaget And Vygotsky1314 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget and Lev Vygotsky are often considered the most influential cognitive development and learning psychologists of the 20th century. Their research efforts have inspired numerous interpretations and spawned new outlets of approaching developmental psychology. The following paragraphs will analyze the theories of Piaget of Vygotsky and discuss how their research can be used to advance the use of cognitive development in learning, bot h traditional and online. Summary Jean Piaget (1896-1980) theorized

What’s Different About Qualitative Research - 3334 Words

Academy of Management Journal 2012, Vol. 55, No. 3, 509–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.4003 FROM THE EDITORS PUBLISHING IN AMJ—PART 7: WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? This editorial concludes a seven-part series, â€Å"Publishing in AMJ,† in which the editors give suggestions and advice for improving the quality of submissions to the Journal. The series offers â€Å"bumper-to-bumper† coverage, with installments ranging from topic choice to crafting a Discussion section. -J.A.C. I’m comfortable with my knowledge of qualitative work—and my ability to give some insight on a specific piece— but for whatever reason, this quantitative-to-qualitative comparison is hard for me to make. And I don’t understand the reasons that is†¦show more content†¦All AMJ articles need an engaging front end that motivates the research (see Grant and Pollock, October 2011 â€Å"From the Editors† [vol. 54: 873-879]). Copyright of the Academy of Management, all rights reserved. Contents may not be copied, emailed, posted to a listserv, or otherwise transmitted without the copyright holder’s express written permission. Users may print, download, or email articles for individual use only. 510 Academy of Management Journal June The introduction and literature review provide key opportunities to grab and direct the reader’s attention toward an understanding of theory that will carry throughout the paper. The front end of a quantitative article typically includes an introduction, literature review, and the development of new theory by way of hypotheses. The literature review, therefore, sets the background for the hypotheses. Because qualitative papers fulfill a different purpose, their front end is shorter, yet it serves more functions. The front end of a qualitative manuscript must not only hook the reader, expose a significant gap in a current theoretical conversation that warrants the development or extension of theory, and situate research questions in that conversation, but also provide a framework for the textual data that follow and a springboard for the new emergentShow MoreRelatedMarketing Research Assignment1542 Words   |  7 Pagesfirm, having a good research to realize the customers need is very important. Qualitative research and quantitative research are the main method to collect information and data from customers for making firm’s decision. However, there is a different between qualitative and quantitative which used in different part of projects. And they both have advantages and disadvantages in the process and the conclusion which may lead to incorrect decisions. Indeed, to distinguish two research methods and whenRead MoreCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesthoughts about and feelings for a situation. They involve looking at a case or phenomenon in its real-life context, usually employing many types of data (Robson, 2002). It is important in case studies for events and situations to be allowed to speak for themselves, rather than to be largely interpreted, evaluated or judged by the researcher. In this respect the case study is akin to the television documentary. Case studies can make theoretical statements, but, like other forms of research and humanRead MoreEssay On Restorative Treatment Programs840 Words   |  4 Pagesof the program members office directors, and staff. The research being conducted is an evaluation research project that is based upon process evaluation. This research study also incorporated qualitative methods of evaluations. In the process evaluation chosen this program focuses on implem entation and conveying interviews with DWI program participants to gather data regarding program implementation and perceived effectiveness. The research design used was the focus group in this focus group it consistedRead MoreWhy People Attend The London Fashion1606 Words   |  7 Pagesis to explore the question why people attend the London Fashion Week and also who the different people who attend the London Fashion week are. A primary research method which is qualitative will also be used to find out why people do attend the London Fashion Week. 2.1Title: Why people attend the London Fashion Week? 2.2 Aim and Objectives: Research on why people attend the London Fashion Show. Who are different people attend the shows? 3.1 Introduction: Fashion has been a veryRead MoreResearch Methodology: Qualitative Methods of Data Collection Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesprograms in schools are leaving parents and students uneducated about how to purchase healthy items which is leading to childhood obesity. I also discussed how the problem is being addressed, as well as the theory of social constructionism. In this chapter, I will discuss the specific methodology I plan to use and the three different types of data collection I plan to employ to carry out my study. This study will use a qualitative approach to study and address the issue of the lack of healthy eatingRead MoreBusiness Topic : Open An Express Company1215 Words   |  5 Pagesask before starting. 1ï ¼â€°How many other express companies in the current market? This question can help me have a better view of the level of the competition of the industry. 2ï ¼â€°How these companies work, what’s their operation system? As a new enter, people need to know all the basic knowledge about this industry and the structure of the industry. 3ï ¼â€°Are those companies success and why they are profitable or why not? Find out the reasons behind other people’s success or failure and help ourselves toRead MoreInformative Speech : Campaign Comprehension Test And How They Reflect The Strategic Idea 1329 Words   |  6 PagesJAMRS – CAMPAIGN COMPREHENSION TEST DISCUSSION GUIDE Objectives: †¢ KUDZU will conduct qualitative research with parents of high school junior/seniors and high school juniors/seniors to gauge reactions to 4 TV script ideas o Determine clarity and comprehension of creative ideas o Understand what the ideas are communicating and how they reflect the strategic idea o Understand relevance, resonance likeability of scripts, scenarios and other key elements d o Understand strengths, limitations andRead MoreThe Image Of Parenting889 Words   |  4 Pagesconstructed meaning about the life of mothers. Therefore, it is probable that the gender inequalities in mothers are as a result of the socially constructed gender roles in society. According to Butler (1988), gender identity is created by discourse. This study will go a long way to establishing the extent to which film portrays mothers and fathers differently. Theoretical framework I will employ symbolic interactionism theories to explain the findings I will obtain from my research. According to (BurgessRead MoreWhats Up with Pasta1666 Words   |  7 PagesWhats Up With Pasta Q1: We need to understand and research why the Spaniards are spending relatively less on Pasta than its European neighbors. Current market research done by AEFPA offers insufficient data, so we need to improve data quality. The main goal is the get a clear demographic segmented market overview. One of the problems is that we cannot clearly identify the potential and current pasta consumers clearly – we simply do not know enough about of core target group. In addition weRead MoreWhats Up with Pasta1680 Words   |  7 PagesWhats Up With Pasta Q1: We need to understand and research why the Spaniards are spending relatively less on Pasta than its European neighbors. Current market research done by AEFPA offers insufficient data, so we need to improve data quality. The main goal is the get a clear demographic segmented market overview. One of the problems is that we cannot clearly identify the potential and current pasta consumers clearly – we simply do not know enough about of core target group. In addition we need

Apple Business Strategy Analysis Free Essays

| Brief description of PC and Smartphone’s industry Smartphones| Company| Market share| Key success factors| Android| 68,1%| * software * innovation * synchronization with google account| Apple| 16,9%| * design * style * size * capacity * software * download facility * distribution| Blackberry| 4,8%| * reliability * carrier friendly * design| Nokia| 4,4%| * price efficiency * reliability * distribution * client’s service| PC| Company| Market share| Key success factors| HP| 17,2%| * reliability * client’s service * hardware * fingerprint reader| Lenovo| 13,0%| * design * price friendly| Dell| 12,1%| * design * extended product line * worldwide client’s support * reliability| Acer| 11,2%| * price effiency| Asus| 5,9%| * design * price friendly| Tablets| Apple| 61,4%| * design * processor * weight * storage * capacity * style| Samsung| 7,5%| * innovation * design * capacity | The worldwide sales of tablets are almost doubled in 2012 and PC market slightly decreases as a whole. With the launch of iPad2 more customers switched to buying alternative device or PC looks like tablets. Apple iOS takes 61,4% of worldwide tablet sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple Business Strategy Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Samsung is on the second place with 7,5%. Resources of Apple. Potential for scale, experience and scope economies Strong know-how, RFS, RMS, new Product Development Programme, together with skilled human resources represents well integrated resources of the company. Diversified product line and high quality software and hardware allow sharing the resources of the company among existing businesses. This may create economies of scope, which saves costs. The size of the company, level of innovations, design and strong brand name gives to Apple competitive advantage. Company uses economies of scale, having achieved multi channel marketing and mostly cut the middleman and this is decreases the costs and increases the margin to Apple and consequently lower costs for the customers. Strengths of Apple. Core competencies Due to financial strength and inherited hardware and software company was able to extend product line and created a new market instead of displacing existing one. Apple relies on a new Product Development Program of Kaizen in the product offer keeping in this way high loyalty of the customers and meeting their needs. Core competence consists of constant innovations and creating added value for customers in terms of innovative design and technology Strategic fit of Apple Key success factors Core pompetence| Style| Size| Software| Download facility| Design| 5| 5| 5| 5| Quality| 5|   | 5|   | Capacity|   |   |   | 5| We observe strong fit between company’s core competencies and key success factors. Apple develops the program of constant improvement of the product as well as use experience which is resulted is extremely high performance and flourishing of the company. SWOT analysis for Apple | Opportunities;Time| | Short-medium term| Medium-long term| Strengths| Innovative Design | Strong brand Leading market position of digital market| Weaknesses| Simple immitation| Cannibalisation| Vision ; Mission Vision: * Keep leading position at the worldwide market * Focused on the future * Penetrate the markets where company can make big contribution to society Mission: * Design best personal computers * Innovations in digital music with (iPod, iTunes online stores) * Innovation of iPhone and iPad in terms of favorable market conditions * Design and develop own operating system, hardware, application software * Design new customer products with superior easy-of-use R;D Apple’s objectives Objectives: In a line with company’s mission presumably Apple is mostly focused on non-financial objectives such as constant improving of the product offer and quality of the devices, expanding of distribution network to reach more targeted customers * Innovation: shorten the innovation cycle to 12 months * Quality: Keizer mantra Apple Strate gy overview | Products-markets| Vertical Integration| Internationalization| Diversification| International Development| Expansion of distribution hannels creat best pc, portable digital music, mobile communication, iPad3| Vertical integration into retail combined with online store and iTunes Store| Growth shift outside US because of global demand for iPhone, iPads mainly to Asia Pacific, Europe, Japan Apple Stores expansion aimed internationally| increasing number of iOS devices – iPhones Macs iPads iPods| Mergers;Acquizition  | Security hardware and software for PCs and mobile devicesFlash memory| AuthenTecAnobit (Israel) |   -|   -| Strategic Alliances  | Market alliances in the supply chain and designn development|   -|   -|   -| In terms of Mergers ; Acquisitions company tends to have conservative trends. Company leaves to be more focused on innovative technologies to make their product unique. How to cite Apple Business Strategy Analysis, Essay examples

Theory of Integration and Policies of the Union-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTheory of Integration and Policies of the Union. Answer: Introduction International trade theories had been focused on a country exchanging goods or services that it specializes in (Hill, 2008). The principle of comparative advantage proposed by David Ricardo stated that a country in free trade produce more of a good that it specializes in. This theory emerges from an economic reality that describes gains from trade emerging from factor endowments or technological progress. European Union is a major example of economic integration and free trade agreement. However, theories of Integration and Policies of the European Union are currently facing challenges of globalization. Regional integration and opening markets to some worldwide levels, EU was expected to focus more on international trade theories. Such trends have not been noted across the EU, meaning there has been disappearance of no sectors or sectoral adjustments (Bickerton, Hodson Puetter, 2015). On the contrary, EEC has not concentrated on increase in sectoral trade or sectoral imports or expo rts. The scope of this analysis deals with international trade and its importance with current alternance between free-trade and protectionism. Analysis Globalisation and international trade brings immense benefits as well as opportunities. EU faces increased competition in all its traded services as well as goods (Farole, Rodrguez?Pose Storper, 2011). Theories of international trade proposes countries exporting items in which they would specialize. It emphasizes on a countrys capability to manufacture a specific product or service at a low costs compared to other countries, such that it is advantageous to other countries to import the item. Globalization allows EU access to greater markets along with source of technology and finance. Globalisation is a greater manifestation of international trade that allows countries to easily export its expertise anywhere in the world. EU has uniquely partnered with its member states but members have pooled sovereignty in varied harmonized laws and policy areas of economic and political issues. EU has a customs union where exchange of goods, people, service and capital takes place, known four fre edoms with a common trade policy (Arribas, Perez Tortosa-Ausina, 2009). Globalization has capabilities to bring about several benefits to a country as foreign direct investments, technological innovations and economies of scale and so on. Countries that have globalized so far have benefitted from investments into their country and especially from economies of scale. Countries that globalize tends to produce goods and services in which they have factor benefits in large scale. They tend to benefit from low cost of production in their country by exporting it to a country that does not have such factor endowments. European Union with its integration does not yet enjoy an integrated political system or an integrated economic policy (Jones Kierzkowski, 2018). Meaning countries even posts formation of EU have continued maintaining their production capability and indulging in similar trades. They consider themselves as separate units instead of considering themselves as a single entity, which can be seen evident from past crisis in Greece or Brexit vote out. These individualistic trends have not allowed benefits of global economy percolate to its member states. As for example Germany in EU specializes in engineering innovations since historical pasts, instead of innovative leadership and automobile engineering leadership, there are other companies in EU that are spending huge amounts of money into such specialization. As for example DS, Opel, Peugeot in France, Iveco in Spain and Namco in Greece are investing huge amount of money into research and development activities. France has huge vineyards and specializes in production of high quality wines. This does not imply that member states in EU does not makes wine or have research and development spending on them (McCann Ortega-Argils, 2015). On the contrary other countries within the EU are also concentrating on multiple types of wine production. This implies there are much deeper policies within EU member states that prevents a competitive Europe from emerging. In a globalized world, EU member states have been facing immense crisis in their job loss due to internal competition. EU extends itself as separate member states instead of being one which lead to loss in private jobs, Europe has been not adding new jobs since the 1970s German Market Research firm GfK reflects on unemployment being a major social problem deterring globalisation. Less regulated markets for creating competencies in jobs have deterred EU nationals with progress in Asian, US and other country nationals. Taking advantage of immigration and globalisation, laborers from Poland and other Muslim countries are finding jobs in EU. Aging and shrinking population in EU has been a rising concern that gets substituted by immigrant workers (Paasi, 2009). There had been several summits to enhance competitiveness in European markets for various products and services, but not much has been achieved. Various pending reforms in labor markets, energy dependency, innovation, falling demog raphics and unemployment remain unattended. In order to compete in a globalized world, where every country is offering its specialization to gain maximum benefits from it, EU is lagging far behind. Most important trade theory as David Ricardos focuses on competitive advantage of a single country. It is a comparative advantage theory where each country takes advantage of its own resources based on its factor endowments (Helpman Razin, 2014). Post formation of the EU there had been no such policies that focus on individuality of the constituency. Though there is free trade amongst the countries in the EU, the countries together do not export specialized items or imports them. Intra-sector trade sensitiveness has not been accommodated with increase in exports and imports in sectors. Importance of intra-sector trade within EU would have capabilities to expand trade capabilities along for better globalization. Countries would have been able to identify key areas in which their strengths and weaknesses lies. This implies EEC countr ies would now each recognize their position in the global economy and then develop capabilities that would allow them to position themselves in the world economy (Zhang, 2008). Germany recognizing its capabilities to manufacture automobiles on a large scale. France manufacturing wine, Greece focusing on manufacturing of chemicals and so on. In order to gain economies of scale advantage EU need to identify each countrys specialization. Conclusion The above discussion clearly states that though international trade is extremely important, EU has not acted on a joined platform to extend its resources and sectoral advantages. Though EU constitutes a congruence of several member states, it has not been able to take advantage of the same from its concept of protectionism. Each member country has their own economic policies and political outlook that prevents them from indulging in free trade as had been traditionally proposed in David Ricardos theory. Each member state within EU has their own economic policies that aim at protecting their industries. Though they have entered into an arrangement but still they have not able to align themselves totally (Barca, McCann Rodrguez?Pose, 2012). Therefore, EU continues to face challenges of globalization instead of accommodating theories and policies of integration. References Lists Arribas, I., Perez, F., Tortosa-Ausina, E. (2009). Measuring globalization of international trade: theory and evidence.World Development,37(1), 127-145. Barca, F., McCann, P., Rodrguez?Pose, A. (2012). The case for regional development intervention: place?based versus place?neutral approaches.Journal of regional science,52(1), 134-152. Bickerton, C. J., Hodson, D., Puetter, U. (2015). The new intergovernmentalism: European integration in the post?Maastricht era.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,53(4), 703-722. Farole, T., Rodrguez?Pose, A., Storper, M. (2011). Cohesion policy in the European Union: growth, geography, institutions.JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,49(5), 1089-1111. Helpman, E., Razin, A. (2014).A theory of international trade under uncertainty. Academic Press. Hill, C. (2008). International business: Competing in the global market place.Strategic Direction,24(9). Jones, R. W., Kierzkowski, H. (2018). The role of services in production and international trade: A theoretical framework.World Scientific Book Chapters, 233-253. McCann, P., Ortega-Argils, R. (2015). Smart specialization, regional growth and applications to European Union cohesion policy.Regional Studies,49(8), 1291-1302. Paasi, A. (2009). The resurgence of the regionand regional identity: Theoretical perspectives and empirical observations on regional dynamics in Europe.Review of international studies,35(S1), 121-146. Zhang, W. B. (2008). International Trade Theory.Capital, knowledge, economic structure, money.

Drug Discovery and Development A Complex Team Sport

Question: Discuss the reasons for using the performance-enhancing-drug, attitude of the footballers towards the usage of dope and drug testing and actions taken by coaches to encourage anti-doping? Answer: 1.0 Introduction The report analyses the debate of the usage of illegal materials for enhancing the aims of ones aims of performance in a game. It is known as doping. The outsiders interpretations and perceptions of doping have obtained minute attention as compared to the attention of the media for doping in the elite sports. It is a very popular phenomenon which has been studied researched majorly from the point of view of biomedical, even if the approaches of psychology are the chief aspects for fighting against doping. These phenomenons have developed majorly at present and there a deep understanding of the essentials for inventing effective prevention programmes. The study concentrates on the outlook on doping in the elite sports (Adams, 2008). Concept Doping is referred to as the use of the prohibited performance enhancing drugs by the competitors in athletes, where the phrase doping is broadly used in the organizations which regulate the competitions. Usage of drugs is considered to increase the performance and is also regarded as unethical in most of the sports organizations in foreign countries. In the prospective of psychology, attitudes are taken as the index of behavior in doping which is related of the exploitation of the unauthorized substances to a higher leniency in doping. Initial use of these banned materials were taken to gain achievement of success in athletes by an improvement in the performance, gain in finance , recovery and averting deficiencies in nutrition (Blank et al., 2013). The other most use of these drugs is false consensus effect. Many athletes accept that it is cheating, risky and unhealthy because of the authorization and its efficacy is also recognized broadly. It is believed that the inefficiency of the programmes of anti-doping and sports condemn the process in which the tests of doping are carried out. Many sports person deems the strictness of the punishment which is apt or not enough brutal. There are some variations in the team-based sports and sports which needs the motor skills, which is impacted less by the practices of doping, rather than the sports which are individually self-paced. Furthermore the controls of anti-doping are less extensive in the team sports. The usage of these banned materials also fluctuates in some specific sports due to the demand (Brand, Heck and Ziegler, 2014). The coaches emerge to be the main manipulator and the origin of the information for the sports person while the doctors and other practitioners do not appear to take steps as the principal advisors. Football is becoming increasingly famous and familiar with the rules of anti-doping. But the lack of knowledge still exists among the sports people which should be treated and resolved by way of accurate educational counseling. There are also the prevalence of doubtful information on the supplements of diet and the side effects of the performance-enhancing substances. Thus, prevention and information are vital and should accommodate to the footballers and the correlated stakeholders. Thus will allow people to sustain and establish a proper attitude and behavior towards doping (Brand, Melzer and Hagemann, 2011). Methodology A systematic survey was carried out for the students of the university on doping in elite sports to take their views. It was primary research where questionnaires were given to the students to fill up and let us know their concerns and notions of the performance enhancing drugs. Another set of questionnaire were given to the coaches to know what is their perceptions on PES and how do they motivate the students to make them stay away from it. The secondary research was based on the journals on doping in elite sports, articles on the same and views of some sportsperson mentioned in websites and other peer-reviewed journals. For the research we have defined elite sports as the best sports where the players give their best performance at a national or even an international level (Blank et al., 2013). Data collection The mode of collecting data was through the questionnaires for both the students and the coaches. The students who mainly focus on sports were given the first preference. It was an open survey. Students who wanted to participate in this were taken. As the research is based on the athletes of the elite sports, it is unable to take their views so the sporting students in the university were asked to give their views because every academic year multiple students of the university becomes trained coaches with the aid of the university. So the sporting students are the next best alternative of the elite athletes so as to get a detailed research on doping. The relation between the students and the research is that they practice to be able to perform in the elite sports so their views and notions are very important to know (Brand, Wolff and Thieme, 2014). Even though the research objective is to find out the views of the students in the matter of doping in elite sports it is also necessary for us to know the notions of the coaches. Their relationsh8ip (elite athlete and coach) has to be strong so that the performance level increases. Also the views of the coaches are essential because it is needed to know how they train athletes on the matters of doping and how they motivate them to not take those drugs to enhance the performance. Since the elite coaches cannot be approached for the research the university coaches will help the researcher in the research. The relation between the coach and the research is to focus on the students in sporting and to do so a face-to-face interview is necessary (Camir and Trudel, 2013). Reasons for using the performance-enhancing-drug It is found that the most often reason for doping or using these drugs was to enhance the performance as well as to gain financial stability simultaneously. Through the research it is also seen that the students mentioned that it was also to enhance the self-confidence and social recognition. It was also found that 6% of the students were encouraged by their family and friends to engage themselves in doping while 7.5% of the students were persuaded by the coaches so that they progress in their performance. The research brought that some students had no exterior pressure to engage themselves in doping. And the respondent did mention that the grounds on which the uses of these drugs by them were mainly due to the recovery aid from injuries and economic pressure from the elite sport. These drugs were banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The sample of students who were the upcoming sporting persons mentioned that they used these drugs to protect their health, to enhance their immune s ystem and to bring out improvement in their performance (Camir et al., 2011). Things like ability to recover quickly and improvement in the performance of the muscle were also referred. While some group of students mentioned that the core importance of taking these drugs was to study the supplementation to make an increment in the energy to sustain the health and avert the deficiency in the nutrition portion and also to improve in the recovery of exercises. The respondent mentioned that the use of supplement is essential in the sports to be successful. It was believed by them that the supplements in their nutrition have enhanced their performance. Thus they were drawn towards doping and has also confessed that they were exposed to the usage of doping drugs themselves if it is essential to maintain their career, but only after they have become professionals (Camporesi and Knuckles, 2014). The concept of false consensus effect suggests that the footballers with a history of use of illicit substances overestimate the dominance of the drug use in the footballers. These outcomes guarantee more attention because the students tend to report that the high dominance of the use of drugs are found in the footballers compared to the other sport. Thus the students believe that footballers who take these substances are likely to start as well, which will lead to the establishment of a viscous cycle which will propagate the culture of pro-doping. Thus the people who are around these footballers like, coaches, family, and friends should be very careful about this false consensus effect when discussing about doping. It is very important that the stakeholders emphasize on the importance of averting doping and not to overstress the use of performance enhancing substances or the notion that the successful footballers are using these drugs (Adams, 2008). Attitude of the footballers towards the usage of dope and drug testing. The lack of the scientific research describe that the elite footballers attitudes towards doping is due to the impenetrability in convincing the footballers to discuss about this with the researchers. (DuPont et al., 2013) stated the attitudes of the footballers are an issue which is impacted by the previous experiences, personality traits, characteristics of the objects of the attitude and the environmental factors. In a survey it was found that the 91.5% of the footballers perceived that the use of the banned substances will improve their level of performance. Furthermore, many footballers were not in the support of doping. Multiple footballers believed that it is achievable to make it to the international level in their sport without the intake of these substances. They viewed that the intake of these substances were illegal and deemed the shame that was linked with it as an important deterrent (EGAN et al., 2011). It was seen that some elite football students as compared to other s are reluctant to use these drugs. Even though the intake of non-banned supplements of nutrition was deemed to be acceptable by more than 66.4% of both the groups, they all declined the though5t of using anabolic steroids, erythropoietin and amphetamines. It was researched that the elite footballers represent a distinct group with some norms, beliefs and values which are different from those who take these substances. This is straight away related to different objectives, motivations, pressures, necessities, knowledge and other influences which are placed on the footballers that could bring an outcome of different behaviors. Thus such comparisons that are made between the elite footballers or the elite sports person of different sports should be made cautiously. The use of these substances to enhance the concentration was highly acceptable in the survey. 12% of the elite footballers mentioned this as a magic drug. So at least some of the footballers who are reluctant to take these drugs would have taken these substances if it had no harmful effects while some footballers mentioned that they would have taken these if it gave short lifespan (EGAN et al., 2011). The research also examined the achievement goals, motivational goals and sportsmanship profiles of the student footballers in terms of the behavior in doping. The analysis exposed three major divisions with regard to the self-determination of the footballers. These are intrinsically motivated, amotivated and extrinsically motivated. The Amotivated footballers are mainly the high scorer for the partial use of these substances and the objective of the future usage compared to the footballers who are intrinsically motivated and extrinsically motivated. In the conducted interviews with the students to measure their attitudes towards the use of drugs and the drug testing, it was found that most footballers have a negative attitude towards the use of drugs. The drug testing results gave the most inconsistent outcomes. It was found that the drug testing wasa restraint to the usage of drugs among the intercollegiate players but the footballers were only concerned about the accuracy of the dr ug test (El-Hammadi and Hunien, 2013). Psychological and Social Determinants Many may not believe or try to understand the set of laws pertaining to doping which is put forth by many anti-drug agencies which clearly states that doping in sport should not be tolerated. Despite the educational programs of these agencies use of dope did not decrease as it was expected to be. To identify why a footballer will risk his reputation, career and health by doping, researchers are now evaluating the psychology of the footballers process of decision making. To examine the psychological and social factors portrayed a major role in the decision of a footballer to use the drugs, researchers surveyed the personal norms, attitudes, social influences and self-efficacy comparing to the characteristics to define which is the factor that influences the use of PES. The outcomes of the survey showed that the use of PES was the major predictor of the intent to use the PES in near future. Winning was supported by personal norms, no matter what the cost is, it influenced the footballe rs to push themselves towards PES. Addition to this the former and the current user of PES displayed positive optimistic attitudes on how PES can improve their performance level (Elbe and Brand, 2014). Scale Level Model of Doping The distinction between substance abuse and doping is that the doping behavior means an end to ones life. The orientation of winning is the only variable with an important relationship to the attitude of doping. Attitude towards the orientation of winning may also influence what the footballers think about doping (Judge et al., 2012). It was also found that the doping attitudes influence the behavior. The sole variable with a strong relationship to this behavior is the belief. The footballers do not have to be highly driven to win so as to have a inclination towards doping. The orientation of sports can also be defined the prevailing terms of attitudes towards the achievement of goals. Goal achievement is defined as task orientation or the orientation of ego. It is seen that more the footballer is ego-oriented the more his attitude is inclined towards doping. The footballers vary in the degrees of each of the orientation. A high orientation of task can over ride an extent of ego and construct negative approach towards to doping. The environment in which the footballer competes impacts their orientation of goal. A mastery climate constructs an environment which fosters be the best you can be. A performance climate promotes a direction towards winning at any cost (Hauw and Mohamed, 2015). Goal Orientation Win Orientation Doping attitude Past Use Current Use Competitiveness Doping Believes Doping Behavior Figure 1: Scale-Level Model of Doping Effects of Doping After all the information, debate and attention on doping, effects of doping should be seriously noted. It is an important field of concern for the footballers. Doping has the potentiality to drastically change the human body and the biological functions which includes the capability to moderately improve the sporting performance in many instances. These drugs are nevertheless awfully dangerous and in many situations deadly. The negative impacts of these drugs have on any individuals body is paramount so the footballers should shun the use of such drugs just to succeed in the game (Huybers and Mazanov, 2010). Anabolic Agents The following can be the effects of doping. Physiological Male Pattern Baldness (Partridge, Lucke and Hall, 2014) Acne Damage of liver. Stunted growth. Insomnia. Dehydration. Tremors. Increased risk of stroke. Psychological Increased aggressiveness and criminal behavior. Depression Gender Specific Impotence. Reduction in the production of sperm (Kim, Chen and Hwang, 2010). Help from the coaches Many coaches see the ability of the sport (football) to offer a positive experience and hold up the development of health in the young and elite footballers, but they do not know how to increase these benefits (Morente-Snchez et al., 2015). Education on the fair play and ethics in the sports is a common thing for the coaches. It is the duty of the coach to deal with these ethical issues of sportsmanship, doping, use of PES, etc. It is important that the coaches activate professionally and with the integrity in the relationships with those who participate in or are linked with their sport. Coaches ensure the rights and needs of all his students engaged in football (Morente-Snchez and Zabala, 2013). A coach can influence tremendously on the footballers. They are their role models. It was found from the research that no coach encourages the use of doping but the footballers have accepted that they were told by the coaches to indulge themselves so that they can enhance their performance so as to succeed in the game. Due to this drawback the outcomes of some survey was improper because it could be analyzed the people who are high motivators for the footballers in case of doping. But some of the coaches were up front in telling that they have advised the footballers and encouraged them in doping because it helped them in giving strong performances and moved the players to the achievements of goals (Mallia et al., 2013). Actions taken by coaches to encourage anti-doping Sport is something where a player gives his 100%, so when methods like doping is encouraged to these players it becomes a nuisance for them ruining their health, reputation and also the skill fades away. It is the duty of the coach to motivate players to work hard to achieve their goals and not to push them towards doping (Szabo and Mller, 2015). Following are some actions that the coach can take for the students in the university so tha5t6 they dont indulge in doping. Coaches should understand the aftermath of these prohibited substances and the methods on the health of the footballers and also their performances.Planning and executing a program which will help them develop the footballers in all areas of their expertise.Averting pressure on the footballers wherever possible and expressing the concern for their well-being.Educating the footballers on the various resources of anti-doping which are available and also the process of checking the medications and gaining the approval for the use of these resources when required (Singhammer, 2012). Conveying the beliefs on health and the fair play to the footballers by strengthening the use of these substances which are prohibited and the methods because this process is nothing but cheating (Sas-Nowosielski and Swiatkowska, 2008). Discouraging the illicit practices which can ruin the health as well as also the skills. Doping is not a healthy pursuit.8.0 Conclusion (Vangrunderbeek and Tolleneer, 2010) stated that sport is sacred. People put their efforts to become a good sportsman. When things like doping and other prohibited substances come to their way they get lured so as to perform well. This study showed how the students in the university perceived the notion of doping. The research brought out varied results of doping band how they perceive them. It is not only the footballers of the university who has the responsibility to shun the use of these drugs but it is also the duty of the coach not to encourage the students to illicit substances like this. Doping has serious and adverse effects which will not only ruin the health of the footballers but will also take his career to the ruins (Stubbe et al., 2013). References Adams, J. (2008). Drug Discovery and Development: A Complex Team Sport. Science. Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Schaiter, R., Frhapter, C., Mller, D. and Schobersberger, W. (2013). 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