Business Strategy in Extractive Industries Essay

Business Strategy in Extractive Industries - Essay Example The company must improve on its reserve replacement rate. Although, the company has a good price earnings ratio, still they need to work on their return on equity values. This is significant from the investors’ point of view. Overall the company has a ‘stable’ financial state. At the same time it has enough strength to strengthen its performance in the next years. Statoil is a leading European company engaged in natural oil and gas production. It is Norway based company and has expanded in most of the major oil and gas markets of the world. It has been operating in this industry since the last 28 years and has acquired a lion’s share in the market. It is the biggest oil and gas company in Norway. The industrial structure of Norway is very competitive with high degree of governmental interference. Most of the oil and gas reserves in Norway are controlled by the government. Statoil has been no exception to it and Government holds nearly 70% of its total stake. However, now the government is looking forward to open the economy by liberalizing the market. If the government is successful in its attempts, the competition in the energy industry will be intensified further. Statoil has become one of the major players in the energy industry as it has successfully acquired the competitive advantage over its competitors. In order to develop the competitive advantage, Statoil has maintained its resources and capabilities quite efficiently. Major resources of Statoil include its vast oil & gas reserves and its up-to-date technology & innovation. Apart from these, it has also acquired sufficient skilled manpower and financial resources. These resources have enabled the company to gain an upper hand by adding value to its brand image. Overall financial position of Statoil is satisfactorily stable. The P/E and liquidity ratio and low-debt preference indicate the stabile condition of the company. However, according to

Differiating Between Market Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Differiating Between Market Structures - Essay Example The first part of the paper will identify the market structure of the high technology industry; outline the market share of Samsung Corporation, explain why I decided upon this marketing structure and how different the marketing structure is from other alternatives. Part two of the paper will identify four competitive strategies that may be used by Samsung to maximize its profits effectively within the high tech industry’s competitive environment. More so the paper will evaluate the efficiency of these strategies in the market structure. Market structure of the high technology industry High technology industries are prone to the same market forces just like any other industry, but there exist few forces that are stronger in the high tech industry. Research claims that these forces affected the market structure of high technology industry in the 1890s and are still affecting the same industry to date. The high technology industry falls under an imperfectly competitive market st ructure, which means that products and services are highly differentiated (Varian, 2001). There are vast factors that arise from effective price discrimination that affects the high technology industry. These factors include personalization of products and pricing, versioning, bundling, switching costs, lock-in and economics of scale. Differentiation of products and services - The information technology allows flexible observation and analysis of consumer behavior, which in turn brings in various kinds of marketing strategies that seemed impossible on a large scale. For instance, a seller can offer prices and goods that are differentiated through individualized behavior and characteristics. Ideally, the high technology industry allows the market of one phenomenon where customers can personalize their prices (Varian, 2001). The high technology industry customers can personalize their adverts on the front pages online and can still buy a personally configured computer. According to th e theory of monopoly first degree price discrimination in most industries charge the highest prices they can to each customer, but the technology industry’s case is different because online sellers face competition from each other as well as from online sellers; hence, further stiffening the competition. Versioning - Versioning is a second-degree price discrimination that usually falls under product quality, which means that sellers design product line that appeals to different market segmentation. For instance, the latest trend of DVD version sells at a higher price and has a lot of content, an aspect that studios uses to discriminate prices between collectors and viewers, as well as between buyers and renters. Bundling - Bundling is the process of selling two or more distinct goods together for a single price. In the technology industry, these goods are â€Å"small† information goods like the individual items of web content that are sold in extremely large bundles. B undling affects the economy by reducing the dispersion of willingness to pay as well as increase entry barriers, but it enhances firm profits and overall efficiency (Varian, 2001). For instance, instead of a soft w3are company selling a word processor and a spreadsheet separately at different prices, the company could combine the two products and sell them at a higher price. Switching cost - Unlike other industries, switching costs in the high technolo

Monetary Thoery and Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Monetary Thoery and Policy - Essay Example However, barter had its own complications and lacunas as it sometimes became difficult to exchange two things mutually needed by both of the parties to the transaction. Money emerged out of that necessity. Money by serving as the medium of exchange during the transactions serves both economic as well as social causes. It makes the complicated economic exchanges more convenient and easy to execute besides allowing people to socialize through the ways the do best. (Nash)1 The main objective of money is to arrange transaction between different people and business organizations. The money and incomes are closely related as most of the incomes are obtained in the money hence money is also used to keep the wealth of the persons and nationals. It therefore means that with money: In the early stages of money, the major portion of money possessed by people was consisted of currency and demand deposits however with the passage of time; more substitutes of money became available also. It must also be noted that these different substitutes of money carried the same liquidity like traditional currency however the extent of liquidity varied with respect to the type of substitute. These substitutes included government securities, saving accounts, stocks, bonds etc. though these assets possess the quality of money being the store of value however they are not traditionally being used as medium of exchange. It is because of this reason that they are often termed as IOU or near money. Having served the critical functions and being the core of all the transactions taking place, the demand for money have different dynamics and it is because of this reason that different theories of demand for money have been developed. This essay will explore some of the theories of Demand for Money as a part of the assignment on the Monetary Theory and Policy. Quantity theory of money was presented by the Classical Economists.

Field Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Field - Assignment Example It is also worth noting that most of the values and beliefs are shared amongst all Christian denominations such as the belief that Jesus Christ is a son of God and the savior of the whole world from the sin of mankind. The following writing is part of the findings I got after interviewing my neighbor who is a strong protestant and Christ follower. He says he is born again and Jesus Christ is his savior. According to the Interviewee, Jesus Christ is a son of God He is believed to be from the David‘s descendants. He is believed by Christians as the messiah who came to establish God’s kingdom in the world. Jesus teachings and ministry is very unique and it emphasizes on preaching compassion, forgiveness and love. Jesus is also known as a miracle worker and a healer who resurrected a few dead bodies during his times and many Christians still believe that His powers are still with them and that they can also perform same miracles. Christians believe that Jesus died and resurr ected in order to save Christians from their sins. Christians worldwide believe that their prayers can only be heard by God if they pray in Jesus name. Christians further believe that whenever they pray or ask anything in the name of Jesus then their prayers are answered instantly. Unanswered prayers are thought to be held by the devil who does not want to see God’s people prospering. Christians are all over the world especially in Europe, Africa, South and North America and the religion rapidly spread to several parts of the world because of the need to spread gospel and show people around the world the truth. Christians believe that spreading the gospel is part of their responsibility and that God rewards whoever spreads the gospel and win many souls in the name of Jesus Christ. Nevertheless Salvation from sin and hell is by God's grace, based on the work of Jesus Christ alone and that salvation can only be received by faith apart from any human performance or merit. Accord ing to Christians, Eternal life is a gift of God and nothing can separate the believer from the love of God and that as unbelievers face eternal punishment, believers face eternal life. Jesus being the center of the Christian faith His teachings are taken seriously and he even set out two big commandments (Love God and love your neighbor) which is considered very vital amongst Christians. The Christian believe that Jesus also told his followers to spread the gospel to all the nations by sharing their faith in Christ Jesus. According to the Christian, Christians believe in giving and assisting the less fortunate people in the society as a way of receiving blessings from God. Christians are encouraged to donate food and any other material thing to the others as a way of sharing as per Jesus teachings. They even think that caring for the less privileged people and even the sick and aged is very important and it is a way of showing love to the victims. Christians believe in the Word of God which is purely written in the Bible and they claim that Bible is the manual of life and that every issue pertaining life is found in the Bible. They believe that the Bible authors of the Bible were inspired by the spirit of God and that everything written in it is the truth which sets them free from every hook of life. Reading Bible or scriptures is very important amongst the Christians since it gives them revelation

'Level of processing' model of memory Math Problem

'Level of processing' model of memory - Math Problem Example Eysenck tested this model to see if it could explain reported differences between young and old people in their ability to recall verbal material. Eysenck predicted that there would be an interaction between age and recall condition, more specifically that younger participants would recall more words when using deeper levels of processing. 30 subjects between 55 and 65 years of age, and 30 subjects between 18 and 30 years of age were allocated to one of three groups - two incidental learning groups and one intentional group. Each group was presented with a list of 27 words and their recall was tested later. One group was asked to count the letters in each word; one group had to read each word and think of a word that rhymed with it. Neither of these two groups was told that they would later have to recall these words. Finally, the intentional learning group was asked to read through the list and memorize it for later recall. The aims of this study are to investigate whether different learning or age groups have an effect on recall ability and whether there is an interaction between the two groups (age and learning). You must use appropriate ANOVA techniques to investigate and interpret the given information and to complete the tasks given on the following page. From the table above, it is evident that the young are able to recall many words than the old. The young can recall some 11 words with a standard deviation of 6.077 while the old can recall some 8 words with a standard deviation of 2.5. The ability to recall among the young people is a bit varying than the recalling ability of the old people. Table 2: Total number of words recalled per Group Level of processing Mean N Std. Deviation Counting 6.65 20 1.182 Rhyming 7.00 20 1.170 Intentional 15.15 20 4.511 Total 9.60 60 4.809 Intentional group has the highest recalling ability than the other groups. Participants in this group can recall 15 words with a standard deviation of 4.5. Rhyming groups recalls 7 words with a standard deviation of 1.1 while counting group recalls 7 words with a standard deviation of 1.2. On variation, the intentional group has the most variations in terms of recalling than the other groups. Table 3: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Corrected Model 1254.600 5 250.920 123.403 .000 Intercept 5529.600 1 5529.600 2719.475 .000 AGE 112.067 1 112.067 55.115 .000 GROUP 925.300 2 462.650 227.533 .000 AGE * GROUP 217.233 2 108.617 53.418 .000 Error 109.800 54 2.033 Total 6894.000 60 Corrected Total 1364.400 59 R Squared = .920 (Adjusted R Squared = .912) Both the age and the group are significant in determining the number of words one can recall at 95% level of significance. Further, age and group have significant interaction with each other. Figure 1 From figure 1 above, it is evident that the young had the least ability to recall among the counting group than the old age. However, both Rhyming and intentional had the highest recalling capability than the same groups of old the age. Among the old, both counting and rhyming have the same recalling capacity. Table 4: ANOVA of total number of words recalled per Age Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 112.067 1 112.067

The History and Development of the ECCE in Ireland Essay Example for Free

The History and Development of the ECCE in Ireland Essay A, The History and development of the ECCE in Ireland The environments in which our youngest children live, grow and play have changed dramatically over the past century. For the best part of the twentieth century, young children were cared for in the family home and went to school sometime after the age of three. For much of that time, Irish society was largely agrarian based and children worked on the farm; work which had economic value to the family. Families were large, twice as large on average as those in the rest of Europe for most of the century. Children lived in households which frequently comprised members of the extended family. Emigration was a way of life and many children must have grown up in the knowledge that they would leave and not return. The Catholic Church and the State operated a symbiotic relationship in relation to many aspects of Irish life, including education, following Independence. In particular, the Church appears to have had considerable influence in terms of family life, a position consolidated by the 1937 Constitution. Changes began to occur in the 1950s when increasing industrialisation and urbanisation began to have an impact. Around this time, too, family size began to reduce. It was not until the 1970s, though, that substantial numbers of women began to enter – and stay in – the paid workforce. This was partly due to the lifting of the marriage bar in the civil service and the beginnings of movement towards parity of pay and rights for women with their male colleagues following Ireland’s entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Out-of-home care arrangements for children then became a necessity for some families. Contemporary experience With changes in family patterns, more children are now living in smaller families, one parent families or in disparate families. Young children in contemporary Irish families are experiencing substantially different parenting trends, not least of which is that many now have the more active involvement of their fathers as well as their mothers. Traditionally, parents tended to concentrate more on the physical well-being of their children, whereas now they are increasingly concerned with their children’s holistic development, including their cognitive, emotional and social development. Widespread dissemination of research on child development in popular and accessible media formats, such as television programmes and self-help books on child development and parenting, indicate interest among the population on such issues. Such a media profile for child development also suggests an increased awareness among parents of the importance of this stage of life, and of the importance of supporting children’s optimal development. However, there is also the possibility that such media will exert pressure on parents in suggesting that parenting is a complicated and fraught occupation, with the margins for error being frighteningly wide, and the possibilities for success intimidatingly narrow. In fact, parents get it right even in difficult circumstances. Impact of socio-economic change While there is greater sensitivity to children’s needs in the holistic sense, there are depleted resources, notably time, within families and communities to meet them. Many aspects of the socio-economic context, including the organization of work and work/life balance, are not child friendly. House prices have risen enormously and consequently, the difficulty in finding affordable housing in central parts of cities such as Dublin has meant that many people, particularly young couples, have had to move out into the surrounding counties. The road and rail infrastructure is unable to meet the new demand and many people have had to succumb to lengthy hours of commuting. Stress and tiredness caused by parents’ commuting and work is likely to put pressure on children’s quality of life within their families. There is an element of irony in the fact that while children are experiencing more environments in their day-to-day lives in comparison to children even thirty years ago, we now find it necessary to plan for children’s access to, in particular, the outdoor environment. Parental and adult concern for the child’s safety and security means that the range of places in which children can play has shrunk, particularly in urban areas. Traffic volumes, development of green spaces and fear for children being out and about without adult supervision contributes to a contraction of freedom for children. Additionally, it would appear that children are spending increasing time in front of computers and televisions with consequent health risks, including diminished outdoor play, physical inactivity and obesity. Employment and childcare While unemployment was endemic during most of the 1980s, Ireland has experienced increasingly high levels of employment over the past ten years or so. Employment growth and a greater demand for labour, coupled with the need for dual income households to meet the cost of housing, impacted on female work force participation rates. Mothers’ employment participation rates in Ireland are comparatively high. Because of relatively short leave entitlements after the birth of a child, more mothers of young children are in employment in Ireland than in other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The obvious consequence of these circumstances is that more children are now being cared for outside the home than heretofore, despite continuing shortages of provision. Much of the increase in supply has occurred in the private commercial sector where costs to parents are among the highest in Europe. Substantial percentages of mothers working full-time and part-time use no paid childcare at all, indicating a reliance on informal provision provided by family or friends. There is very limited information on the nature and quality of the many and varied forms of childcare and pre-school provision for children who attend out-of-home settings. Implications for ECCE provision There are several implications emanating from this position, but just one will be considered here; that of the young child’s right to educational provision. To be meaningful, life-long learning must be conceptualised on a continuum which begins at birth. There are good reasons, based on the knowledge we now have on the efficacy of early education and the magnitude of young children’s potential for learning, for making provision for children from birth. However, a more fundamental argument relates to the young child’s right to education in the same way that older children are entitled to educational provision. This position is underpinned by the UNCRC (UN, 1989). Care and Education Provision for young children in Ireland has been fragmented and many of the fault lines can be traced to the historical understanding of care and education as being separate forms of provision. It is not difficult to see how this fracture developed historically here in Ireland. Home and School The national school system was established in 1831 and there were enough infants (3-5 year olds) in the system by 1872 to warrant a specific infant programme. Figures from the mid-1940s indicate that by then, over 48,000 children between the ages of three and five were in the system. These figures represent substantial numbers of young children in school. It is possible that this indicates that parents placed a high value on their children’s education and may explain why the national or primary school system here in Ireland has, since its inception, been regarded as concerned exclusively with ‘education’. Throughout the period referred to above, children were ‘cared for’ at home up until the point at which they began to attend school. These two contexts of ‘care’ and ‘education’ were quite different, and that difference seems to have been translated to mean mutually exclusive. While there is very little documented evidence about the care of young children at home, it appears that care was primarily the responsibility of the mother. Families were large and older siblings were involved in looking after younger children. While there were differences in urban and rural contexts, the extended family, particularly grandmothers, who often lived in the family home, were involved. Home and school were the two contexts in which children spent time so, even before the concepts were considered, it is possible to see the genesis of our traditional conceptualisation of care as what happens up to the age of three or so, and education as what happens after that. Revised Programme, 1900 One of the most remarkable stages in that history was the Revised Programme of 1900 (Commissioners of National Education in Ireland, 1901), though this is a somewhat arbitrary starting point. Even before this time, the philosophies of Rousseau, Froebel, Pestalozzi and Dewey had influenced individuals who put such theories into practice here. In fact, one might locate the provenance of the concept of child-centred practice with these theorists. The Revised Programme is strikingly familiar to the modern reader. It was influenced by Frobelian principles and incorporated heuristic approaches to teaching and learning. It advocated development from within rather than moulding from without, promoted the integration of subject areas and emphasised the environment as a context for the child’s learning. The Revised Programme advocated teaching content in an integrated manner, breaking with the tradition at that time of compartmentalising knowledge. Unfortunately, however, the necessary finances for equipment, training and implementation were never put in place. While the Revised Programme led to improvements in the dire state of infant education, the Dale Report (Dale, 1904) still found that this was one of the weakest elements of the system. Then, as now, no matter how good the curriculum, it is dependent for effectiveness on resourcing, training and investment. 1922 and 1948 curricular change A very different approach was taken in the curriculum introduced in 1922 following the foundation of the Irish Free State (National Programme Conference, 1922). This approach moved the focus off the young child onto curriculum content, specifically the Irish language, which was to be re-established as part of the socio-political transformation of Ireland following independence. The curricular changes introduced meant that the restoration of the Irish language became the primary aim of infant education. Following some years of implementation of this programme, teachers expressed deep reservations about its effect, stating that it inhibited the child intellectually, repressed the natural urge for self-expression and led to some children being mentally and physically damaged. This programme was replaced by the Revised Programme for Infants (Department of Education [DoE], 1948) in 1948, which returned to the values and direction espoused by the 1900 Revised Programme. However, due to continuing requirements regarding the teaching of Irish, it proved difficult to implement the philosophy of this programme. New Curriculum, 1971 Major curricular change occurred in 1971 with the introduction of the New Curriculum (DoE, 1971). Play was an integral part of this curriculum which was designed to cater for the full and harmonious development of each child, with an inherent flexibility to adapt to the needs of children of varying abilities and cultural backgrounds. However, the economic recession of the 1970s meant that the comprehensive network of supports for teachers which was envisaged did not materialise. Class size remained very large during the period following the introduction of the New Curriculum. Spending on education increased over the following decades, and while class size remained an issue at this time, the number of teaching posts in the system increased substantially. This relates to the introduction of schemes such as Home/School/Community Liaison (HSCL) and the expansion of Special Needs provision. Revised Curriculum, 1999 The 1999 Revised Curriculum (DES, 1999b) is designed to nurture children in all dimensions of their lives. In-service training is ongoing for teachers and structures (e.g. the Primary Curriculum Support Programme [PCSP] and the School Development Planning Service [SDPS]) have been put in place to support its roll-out into schools. A close study of these consecutive curricula illustrates the evolving understandings of concepts such as childcentred and holistic education in Ireland. Developments in provision One of the consequences of the relative economic prosperity of the 1960s was to increase interest and focus on education. From around this period, education became a new catalyst for social mobility, possibly on account of the introduction of free secondary education. Parents became increasingly anxious that their children’s future opportunities would be enhanced through education. Ireland’s increased involvement with international organisations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Office (UNESCO), the OECD and the UN, allied with the aspiration to become a member of the EEC, contributed to a lessening of the insularity which had been a feature of the previous period. There was a shift in focus from social expenditure in relation to education and children to one of investment in the individual, the economy and society.

The causes and effects of torture in prison

The causes and effects of torture in prison Prison Torture explains the harmful consequences that prison torture can cause to the detainees and why it should be abolished. The first part of this paper discusses the common causes of prison torture in which the most known is obtaining confidential information from criminals. The second part of this paper reflects the physical consequences of the prisoner during the process of torture. The third part explains how the experience of being tortured can lead to post-traumatic psychological disorders and other issues. This traumatic disorder could eventually intervene in the individuals behavior towards the society. In brief, torture in prison may generate results that could be even worse than the crimes committed by prisoners and therefore it should be banned. Introduction There are deplorable insights on the realism of life within prisons in the United States and around the world. Sadistic actions and treatment that are almost similar happen in all prisons evoking a lot of debate from human rights activists among other concerned bodies on the magnitude of torture in prisons. Torture varies in different prisons but at the end of the day, the human rights of a prisoner are violated. Some corrective institutions release prisoners to fierce dogs and they are savaged for about half an hour or so, other torture methods include electrocuting with Cattle Prods which is very traumatizing, in some cases a prisoner is burned by highly toxic or corrosive chemicals, among other barbaric abuse. Looking in the societal context a prisoners are considered to have little powers as long as they are behind bars. This explains why a prisoner is the most vulnerable to torture. Although a prisoner finds himself or herself behind bars owing to wrongdoing or breaking laws of a given society they are viewed as isolated people; who deserves to be deprived their freedom or liberty hence they are well placed in prisons. A common cause of prison torture is in a case where a prisoner is abused to obtain confidential information from him, this is common in war crimes, terrorism, or crimes against the state for instance treason. In some States, a prison or a corrective institution may choose to use torture on culprits in case they want to curb serious crimes like illegal movements and cults, drugs networks etc. Criminals netted in relation to specific crimes are tortured to a point of confession. American criminal judicial system is extremely ineffective, expensive, and revoltingly merciless with a rich history with racism. Most city departments are famous for their notorious brutality hence there is a record of over 2 million people in corrective or federal facilities; while other 3.5 million are placed under other types of social control like community service. For this reason Americans reformists came up with modern prisons in support of anti torture policies; they argued that even hard-core criminals would reform by imprisonment alone, hard labor and contrition. Although slavery was not legitimized, captives were punished for crime (Jared Elizabeth, 2006). Following the Abu Ghraib military prisoner torture and abuse scandal in the year 2004, prison torture was redefined since so much was revealed through leaked video tapes (Jared Elizabeth, 2006). Therefore many independent observers and researchers went ahead to explore the activities of torture in various prisons around America. It was evident that most prisons used similar or closely related ways of torture. Study shows that the brutality prisoners are exposed to leave irreversible physical and psychological scars or even cause death. In cases where prison officials use toxic chemicals on prisoners, it is obvious severe physical disfigurations may occur due to burns and erosion of flesh by the harsh chemicals some victims burn to death. Some prisons deprive the torture victims medical attention even after inflicting wounds on them. Moreover some prisons avail medical care which either is too little or too late. Other institutions may choose to have dogs that are released to prisoners in an enclosure and they let them savage on the prisoner causing so much pain and even loss of limbs or other body parts. Ruthless beating and kicks may cause fractures and cuts, which may worsen if they go untreated at times, they rot and a prisoner ends up losing the fractured part of the body. Some officers are so radical that they may choose to amputate a prisoner without anesthesia. The most common method of torture in prisons around the world is the electrocution using cattle prod; this can cause severe brain damage. Sexual abuse takes place every day in almost every prison in the world this is a form of torture from prison officials or fellow prisoners who may be forced to engage in sodomy, homicide and other inhumane acts like rape (Gebhardt, 2004). There are episodes in life that cannot be erased from the mind of a human being; Thus Personal experiences can make or damage the life of a prisoner. In most prisons the criminals are tortured before their fellow inmates hence their counterparts may see a prisoner tortured to death, their lives are filled with fear and anxiety and it is likely to find them hallucinating or they are rendered in permanent shock. Psychological and Social consequences are very common in victims of prison torture psychological outcomes include conditions like Post-traumatic psychiatric where a victim may have experienced a brain injury or brain trauma. This is symbolized by changes in personality traits, disorientation, confusion and at times impaired memory (Dylan, 2006). A victim of prison torture may never be able to interact freely with the people around him or her. This due to various factors that affect them from low self esteem to dull emotional responses like sexual inappropriateness especially if sexually abused, paranoid, aggressiveness etc A person who has experienced prison torture may change or may not change their lifestyle of crime; this could be because of general outlook of life. Some tend to harden and even become hardcore criminals than they were before. They develop a tendency to hate on law enforcers and all they want is to associate with criminals and rebels. Their relationship even with family and friends deteriorates since they feel unwanted. Many a times they may have episodes of their lives in their mind and they may do weird things like screaming, nightmares, wailing, or even trying to fight back; so they prefer staying alone (Coltheart, 2009). Torture might be a method used to gain information and to punish prisoners for decades, but we have to consider the use of other procedures. Torturing should also be considered as a crime, because the torturers behavior of causing pain and simulating death is an unethical process used by criminals as well. Revisiting the infamous horrors of Nazi prisons, which was discovered after the World War II; it really enhanced awareness all over the world about the extensive use of torture to get information from prisoners (Zinger, 2006). Movements such as World Medical Association (WMA) emerged in 1947 following protests and mission to curb torture and other cruel penal approaches used on prisoners. According to (Burgers Mark, 1994) the United Nations further endorsed conventions against torture of prisoners that are in place until today. It defines torture as any act by which severe pain or suffering. This may be physical or mental and intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession. It is aimed at punishing him for an act he has or is suspected of having committed. It can also be aimed at intimidating or coercing him or a third person for any reason based on discrimination of some kind. when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, or incidental to lawful sanctions (UN, 2007).Thus prison torture is illegal according to the international law.